Specifically, 2,6-sialylation of terminal LacNAc residues in the end buds masked Gal-1 ligands, thereby liberating the protein for nuclear translocation. She is an elected member of the Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, and American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Yarema, K. J., Mahal, L. K., Bruehl, R. E., Rodriguez, E. C., Bertozzi, C. R. Synthesis of an oxime-linked neoglycopeptide with glycosylation-dependent activity similar to its native counterpart. Jacobs, C. L., Yarema, K. J., Mahal, L. K., Nauman, D. A., Charters, N. W., Bertozzi, C. R. Fmoc-based synthesis of peptide-(alpha)thioesters: Application to the total chemical synthesis of a glycoprotein by native chemical ligation. In this work, we apply an aluminum "lift off" lithography method to allow the efficient generation of complex patterns comprising different DNA sequences. Bertozzi shared the 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with two other scientists: Professor Morten Meldal and Professor K Barry Sharpless. This review presents an overview of techniques for examining and manipulating cell surface oligosaccharides through genetic, enzymatic, and chemical strategies. [22][23] While working with Rosen at UCSF, Bertozzi was able to modify the protein and sugar molecules in the walls of living cells so that the cells accept foreign materials such as implants. Finally, the reaction must be tested in a variety of environments, escalating from aqueous media to biomolecule solutions to cultured cells and, for the most optimized transformations, to live organisms. Bertozzi completed her undergraduate degree in Chemistry at Harvard University and her Ph.D. at UC Berkeley, focusing on the chemical synthesis of oligosaccharide analogs. As granuloma angiogenesis favors the infecting mycobacteria, it may be actively promoted by bacterial determinants during infection. Pi, N., Hoang, M. B., Gao, H., Mougous, J. D., Bertozzi, C. R., Leary, J. View details for Web of Science ID A1995TD84500001. Against random peptide substrates, ppGalNAc T10 revealed no significant hydrophobic or hydrophilic residue enhancements, in contrast to what has been reported previously for ppGalNAc T1 and T2. Because a sulfur auxotrophic strain is the only requirement of the approach, many microorganisms can be studied in this manner. These enzymes often comprise large families. Time-resolved measurements yield the binding rate between the particles and bacteria. Over time, the trapped state transforms into the stable state. A picture emerges of lectin function that is highly sensitive to its organization, which in turn drastically shapes immunity and cancer progression. Topp, S., Reynoso, C. M., Seeliger, J. C., Goldlust, I. S., Desai, S. K., Murat, D., Shen, A., Puri, A. W., Komeili, A., Bertozzi, C. R., Scott, J. R., Gallivan, J. P. Live-Cell Imaging of Cellular Proteins by a Strain-Promoted Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition. Immunization of mice with either BCG or DeltacysH followed by infection with the virulent M. tuberculosis Erdman strain demonstrated that DeltacysH can generate protection equivalent to that of the BCG vaccine. Despite its relevance in both health and disease, studies of the glycocalyx remain hampered by a paucity of methods to spatially classify its components. In addition, the mode of inhibition for PAP was rapidly determined. View details for Web of Science ID 000321093800027. We tested this prediction by investigating whether bulky glycoproteins in the glycocalyx promote a tumour phenotype in human cells by increasing integrin adhesion and signalling. Here we study the effects of GlcNAc 2-epimerase expression on sialic acid production in cells. Previous reports have shown that synthetic DNA strands can be attached to the plasma membrane of living cells to equip them with artificial adhesion "receptors" that bind to complementary strands extending from material surfaces. View details for Web of Science ID 000224032900044. Metabolic labeling of glycans with a bioorthogonal chemical reporter such as the azide enables their visualization in cells and organisms as well as the enrichment of specific glycoprotein types for proteomic analysis. We demonstrate binding of all three selectins to GlyCAM-1 and demonstrate that the binding interactions satisfy a number of important criteria. Finally, we found that metabolic labeling of both cell envelope structures reports on drug effects on cell physiology in two hours, far faster than a genetic sensor of cell envelope stress. These included proteins involved in the immune response, oxidation and reduction, and vesicle transport, as well as other cellular processes. The polyvalent display of carbohydrate groups found on cell surface glycoprotein structures may contribute to the enhanced binding strength of selectin-mediated adhesion. Generated in nine steps from a glucose analogue, DIMAC reacted with azide-labeled proteins and cells similarly to cyclooctynes. Nuclear repartitioning of galectin-1 by an extracellular glycan switch regulates mammary morphogenesis. In addition, we generated a mutant M. tuberculosis strain lacking FGE. Updates? However, currently available agonists are heterogeneous glycoconjugates and polysaccharides from natural sources. [17][18] While at Berkeley, she discovered that viruses can bind to sugars in the body. Biological analysis of diptericin fragments indicated that the main determinant of antibacterial activity lay in the C-terminal region that is similar to the attacin peptides, although the N-terminal segment, related to the proline-rich family of antibacterial peptides, augmented that activity by 100-fold. Chung, S., Shin, S., Bertozzi, C. R., De Yoreo, J. J. Difluorobenzocyclooctyne: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Stabilization by beta-Cyclodextrin. Mycobacterium tuberculosis synthesizes specific polyketide lipids that interact with the host and are required for virulence. However, the mechanisms of impaired microglial homeostatic function and the cognitive effects of restoring this function remain unknown. Surprisingly, the dibenzoselenacycloheptynes also abstracted hydrogen atoms from solvents such as THF or toluene, forming dibenzoselenacycloheptene products. The mammalian glycocalyx is a heavily glycosylated extramembrane compartment found on nearly every cell. One prevalent M. tb-specific sulfated metabolite, termed sulfolipid-1 (SL-1), has been correlated with virulence though its specific biological function is not known. To validate our results, we employed gel shift assays based on conjugating mass tags to O-GlcNAc groups. Chang, P. V., Dube, D. H., Sletten, E. M., Bertozzi, C. R. Progress and challenges for the bottom-up synthesis of carbon nanotubes with discrete chirality, Identification of glycoproteins targeted by Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase, a virulence factor that disturbs lymphocyte glycosylation. This enzyme is also the first characterized ppGalNAc-T of protozoan origin. A., Hellman, U., Chen, X., Bertozzi, C. R., Campetella, O. Real-Time Bioluminescence Imaging of Glycans on Live Cells. The findings reported here provide a molecular basis to understand the abnormalities induced in the immune system by the trans-sialidase during T. cruzi infection. Methods for introducing bioorthogonal functionalities into proteins have become central to protein engineering efforts. Sialic acid is a component of many tumor-associated oligosaccharide antigens. Elevated ROS resulted in reduced activity of cathepsin S and B, but not X, causing a proteolytic defect of MHC class II chaperone invariant chain Ii processing. The ESI-MS assay presented herein requires no chromophoric substrate or product, and the analysis time is very short. Sialylated glycans are found at elevated levels in many types of cancer and have been implicated in disease progression. Furthermore, GalNAz-labeled B cells could be selectively targeted with a phosphine probe by Staudinger ligation within the living animal. Both mutant synthetases label human, hamster, and mouse cell line proteins and selectively activate their azido-bearing amino acids over 10-fold above the canonical. The azide serves as a bioorthogonal chemical handle for selective modification with biochemical or biophysical probes using the Staudinger ligation. Technologies for introducing molecules into living cells are vital for probing the physical properties and biochemical interactions that govern the cell's behavior. OliLux Biosciences develops new methods for tuberculosis detection. 56Carolyn Bertozzi 12 Bertozzi won the prize for studying the sugar coats of cells. and Irmgard Chu Distinguished Professorship in Chemistry, UC Berkeley (2005-14), Agnes Fay Morgan Research Award, Iota Sigma Pi (2004), Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (2002), Irving Sigal Young Investigator Award, Protein Society (2002), Donald Sterling Noyce Prize for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, UC Berkeley College of Chemistry (2001), Department of Chemistry Teaching Award, UC Berkeley (2000), Merck Academic Development Program Award, Merck (2000), Presidential Early Career Award in Science and Engineering (PECASE), The U.S. White House (2000), Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award, Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation (1999), Beckman Young Investigator Award, Arnold and Mabel Beckman Foundation (1998), Glaxo Wellcome Scholar, Glaxo Wellcome (1998), Prytanean Faculty Award, Prytanean Women's Honor Society, UC Berkeley (1998), Research Innovation Award, Research Corporation (1998), Young Investigator Award, Office of Naval Research (1998), Horace S. Isbell Award in Carbohydrate Chemistry, American Chemical Society (1997), New Investigator Award in Pharmacology, Burroughs Wellcome (1997), Sloan Research Fellow, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (1997), Pew Scholars Award in the Biomedical Sciences, Pew Charitable Trusts (1996), Young Investigator Award, Exxon Education Fund (1996), Dreyfus New Faculty Award, Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation (1995), Member, National Academy of Inventors (2013 - Present), Member, Institute of Medicine (2011 - Present), Member, German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (2008 - Present), Member, National Academy of Sciences (2005 - Present), Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2003 - Present), Chair, Scientific Advisory Board, Redwood Bioscience, Board Member, Board of Scientific Counslors, Broad Institutue, Board Member, Research Advisory Baord, Glaxo Smithkline, AB, Harvard University, Chemistry (1988), Membrane curvature regulates the spatial distribution of bulky glycoproteins. Shao, Z., Flynn, R. A., Crowe, J. L., Zhu, Y., Liang, J., Jiang, W., Aryan, F., Aoude, P., Bertozzi, C. R., Estes, V. M., Lee, B. J., Bhagat, G., Zha, S., Calo, E. Deconvolution of Influenza a Viral Binding and Fusion with a Chemically-Defined Glycocalyx. Cyclooctyne reagents have now been used for labeling azide-modified biomolecules on cultured cells and in live Caenorhabditis elegans, zebrafish, and mice. The repertoire of sialic acids presented by cells can be expanded to include unnatural variants by intercepting the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway with unnatural precursors. Here we describe a biarylazacyclooctynone (BARAC) that has exceptional reaction kinetics and whose synthesis is designed to be both modular and scalable. The human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is thought to control the human immune response with diverse biomolecules, including a variety of exotic lipids. Fusion of these domains to the proteins FRB and FKBP enabled their induced assembly by the natural product rapamycin. The location of the surface-anchored TS resulted too far off as to be capable to sialylate mucins, a role played by the shed TS instead. Glycosylation is a prevalent, yet heterogeneous modification with a broad range of implications in molecular biology. Reduction of protein disulfide bonds with tris(hydroxypropyl)phosphine resulted in virtually complete immobilization of the SHGFP-MUC5AC/CK intragranular pool. This challenging process made her dream of Here we highlight chemical tools that are beginning to address this need. By contrast, only GlcNAc-6-SO(4) appears to contribute to MECA-79 binding. O-linked -N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a reversible posttranslational modification found on hundreds of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins in higher eukaryotes. B cell glycoproteins were robustly labeled with GalNAz but T cell glycoproteins were not, suggesting fundamental differences in glycosylation machinery or metabolism. Finally, the lipase inhibitor tetrahydrolipstatin disrupts Chp1 activity in M. tuberculosis, suggesting an avenue for perturbing SL-1 biosynthesis in vivo. A detailed investigation of enzyme kinetics and specificities revealed the robustness of the approach to faithfully report on GalNAc-T activity and paves the way for studying substrate specificities in living systems. Indeed, O-glycopeptides modified exclusively at the N-terminus would enable O-glycoproteomic methods to rely solely on collision-based fragmentation rather than electron-driven dissociation because glycan-retaining peptide fragments would not be required for localization. Robinson, P. V., de Almeida-Escobedo, G., de Groot, A. E., McKechnie, J. L., Bertozzi, C. R. Chemical Lectinology: Tools for Probing the Ligands and Dynamics of Mammalian Lectins InVivo. View details for Web of Science ID 000275864500006, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2865253. Here, we report a Cu-free variant of click chemistry that can label these biomolecules rapidly and selectively in living systems, overcoming the intrinsic toxicity of the canonical Cu-catalyzed reaction. Conversely, unsialylated LacNAc glycans, enriched in the epithelial ducts, sequestered Gal-1 in the extracellular environment, ultimately attenuating invasive potential. View details for DOI 10.1074/jbc.M405709200, View details for Web of Science ID 000223791500101, View details for Web of Science ID 000225338800003. Bertozzi, C. R., SINGER, M. S., ROSEN, S. D. L-selectin-carbohydrate interactions: Relevant modifications of the Lewis x trisaccharide. Three piperidine-melamine glycodendrimers were synthesized via a chemoenzymatic route and attached to human growth hormone and the Fc region of human IgG. Together, these data reveal a mechanism by which PcaA-mediated cis-cyclopropanation of mycolic acids promotes bacterial growth and dissemination invivo by eliciting granuloma vascularization and suggest potential approaches for host-directed therapies. View details for Web of Science ID A1992KF46900003, View details for Web of Science ID A1992JB98000009, View details for Web of Science ID A1992HW58200006, View details for Web of Science ID A1992HJ25300046, View details for Web of Science ID A1992HD50000007, View details for Web of Science ID A1991FT18300053, View details for Web of Science ID A1990DE90200028, Baker Family Director, Stanford ChEM-H (2020 - Present), Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (2000 - Present), Arthur C. Cope Award, American Chemical Society (2017), National Academy of Sciences Award in the Chemical Sciences, National Academy of Sciences (2016), Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award, U.S. Department of Energy (2015), Heinrich Wieland Prize, Heinrich Wieland Prize (2012), Lemelson-MIT Prize, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2010), Ernst Schering Prize, Ernst Schering Research Foundation (2007), Distinguished Teaching Award, UC Berkeley College of Chemistry (2001), Award in Pure Chemistry, American Chemical Society (2001), MacArthur Foundation Genius Award, MacArthur Foundation (1999), Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award, American Chemical Society (1999), Honorary Degree, Freie University Berlin (2014), Honorary Doctorate Degree, Duke University (2014), Hans Bloemendal Award, Radboud Univ. The competitive inhibitors 2-bromopalmitate and 2-hydroxymyristate prevented incorporation of omega-alkynyl-palmitate and omega-alkynyl-myristate into palmitoylated and myristoylated proteins, respectively. Mucin domains are densely O-glycosylated modular protein domains that are found in a wide variety of cell surface and secreted proteins. A., Bertozzi, C. R., Gibson, B. W. A small-molecule modulator of poly-alpha 2,8-sialic acid expression on cultured neurons and tumor cells. Phosphorylation of Rv0516c regulated the abundance of EspA, a virulence-associated substrate of the type VII ESX-1 secretion system. A convergent synthesis of trehalose. A., Baskin, J. M., Bertozzi, C. R., Koberstein, J. T., Turro, N. J. Hudak, J. E., Canham, S. M., Bertozzi, C. R. Osmosensory signaling in Mycobacterium tuberculosis mediated by a eukaryotic-like Ser/Thr protein kinase. These values and the mathematical model confirm that chemoselective reactions on the cell surface can deliver to cells similar numbers of molecules as antibodies. Sialic acids are a family of related sugars that play essential roles in many biological events intimately linked to cellular recognition in both health and disease. Our results suggest that 6-sulfo sLe(x) binds to L-selectin with higher affinity than does sLe(x) or 6'-sulfo sLe(x) and that sulfation of sLe(x) capping groups on GlyCAM-1 at the 6-position is important for L-selectin recognition. In this approach, metabolic labeling substrates containing bioorthogonal functional groups are provided to cells for incorporation into biopolymers by endogenous biosynthetic machinery. We found that N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (GalNAz) is converted by endogenous mammalian biosynthetic enzymes to UDP-GalNAz and then epimerized to UDP-N-azidoacetylglucosamine (GlcNAz). View details for Web of Science ID 000229578100018. Hang, H. C., Yu, C., Kato, D. L., Bertozzi, C. R. Regulating cell surface glycosylation by small molecule control of enzyme localization, Golgi localization of carbohydrate sulfotransferases is a determinant of L-selectin ligand biosynthesis, cDNA cloning and expression of UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine : polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase T1 from Toxoplasma gondii. View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05075.x, View details for Web of Science ID 000235842600009. Woods, E. C., Yee, N. A., Shen, J., Bertozzi, C. R. Glycocalyx Engineering with a Recycling Glycopolymer that Increases Cell Survival In Vivo. Higher order oligosaccharides were readily generated by alkylation of the corresponding 3-thioGalNAc with N-bromoacetamido sugars. To quickly assess the protein engineering outcomes, we developed a new platform for quantifying extracellular alkyne-tagged metabolites through a fluorogenic click reaction. O-Linked -N-acetylgalactosamine (O-GalNAc) glycans constitute a major part of the human glycome. We performed in vivo reconstitution experiments in which ST8Sia IV(-/-) progenitors competed with wild-type cells to repopulate depleted or deficient immune subsets. Dissecting complex cellular processes requires the ability to track biomolecules as they function within their native habitat. This work furnishes new tools for mammalian residue-specific bioorthogonal chemistry, and enables more robust and comprehensive cell-type-specific proteomics in live mammals. Thus, a bulky glycocalyx is a feature of tumour cells that could foster metastasis by mechanically enhancing cell-surface receptor function. A step in this direction will be the development of tools to identify metabolites that share common structural features. First, we found that the W37I mutant of LplA catalyzes site-specific ligation of 10-azidodecanoic acid to LAP in cells, in nearly quantitative yield after 30 min. The enzymes that determine protein O-GlcNAcylation, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), act on key transcriptional and epigenetic regulators, and both are abundantly expressed in the brain. View details for PubMedCentralID PMC5675001. Genetic complementation experiments showed that each of the three pathways was able to recover the mutant in the absence of trehalose, even at elevated temperatures. Scherman, M. S., Winans, K. A., Stern, R. J., Jones, V., Bertozzi, C. R., McNeil, M. R. Preparation of pHEMA-CP composites with high interfacial adhesion via template-driven mineralization, Characterization and mutagenesis of Gal/GlcNAc-6-O-sulfotransferases. The widespread role of sulfotransferases in modulating glycan function makes them prime targets for small-molecule modulators. A 56-member glycopeptide library designed to reflect a diversity of glycan clustering was assayed for substrate activity with ppGalNAcT isoforms using an azido-ELISA. Webster, E. R., Delaveris, C. S., Bertozzi, C. R., Boxer, S. G. Large Glycocalyx Proteins are Excluded from the Interface between Cell Membrane and Vertical Nanostructures. The Leu-13 --> Gly (L13G) mutation is found in each of the three MetRS mutants, and the MetRS variant containing this single mutation is highly efficient in producing recombinant proteins that contain azidonorleucine. These measurements show that the glycocalyx exhibits nanoscale organization on both cell lines and primary human tumor cells. O-glycopeptides with a modified N-terminal residue, such as those generated by OpeRATOR, present several potential benefits, perhaps the most notable being de facto O-glycosite localization without the need of glycan-retaining fragments in MS/MS spectra. We apply the strategy to a particularly redundant yet disease-relevant human glycosyltransferase family, the polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferases. An intriguing example is Sulfolipid-1 (SL-1), a sulfated glycolipid that has been implicated in Mtb pathogenesis, although no direct role for SL-1 in virulence has been established. Varki, A., Cummings, R. D., Esko, J. D., Freeze, H. H., Stanley, P., Marth, J. D., Bertozzi, C. R., Hart, G. W., Etzler, M. E. Control of the Molecular Orientation of Membrane-Anchored Biomimetic Glycopolymers. A chemical transformation that permits the selective formation of covalent adducts among richly functionalized biopolymers within a cellular context is presented. While assays for specific glycosyltransferases exist, there is no generalizable method that can be applied across the enzyme superfamily. For example, cancer cells frequently display glycans at different levels or with fundamentally different structures than those observed on normal cells. Wan, S. J., Sullivan, A. A., Lo, A., Bertozzi, C. R. Metabolic labeling of glycans with azido sugars for visualization and glycoproteomics. We employed BARAC for live cell fluorescence imaging of azide-labeled glycans. To evaluate differential glycosylation in EOC caused by modulations in GALNT3 expression, we used a metabolic labeling strategy for enrichment and mass spectrometry-based characterization of glycoproteins following GALNT3 gene knockdown (KD) in A2780s EOC cells. Traditional spectrophotometric assays are not applicable to the NodST system since no shift in absorption accompanies sulfuryl group transfer. Synthetic mimics of the complex assemblies found on cell surfaces can modulate cellular interactions and are under development as therapeutic agents. Sulfotyrosine is a post-translational modification important in many extracellular protein-protein interactions, including human immunodeficiency virus infection. Exhaled air and bioaerosol volumes were estimated using continuous CO2 monitoring and airborne particle counting, respectively. Cell-surface glycans are attractive targets for molecule imaging due to their reflection of cellular processes associated with development and disease progression. Thus, BARAC is a promising reagent for in vivo imaging. Here, we tracked the assembly dynamics of different envelope layers in Corynebacterium glutamicum and Mycobacterium smegmatis by using metabolic labeling and found that the septal cell envelope is assembled sequentially in both species. Notably, PapA3 was selective for trehalose; no activity was observed with other structurally related disaccharides. Nijmegen) (2013); Elected Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors (2013); Heinrich Wieland Prize (2012); Elected member of the Institute of Medicine (2011); Tetrahedron Young Investigator Award for Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry (2011); Royal Society of Chemistry - Organic Division, Bioorganic Chemistry Award (2010); Lemelson-MIT Prize (2010); Albert Hofmann Medal, Univ. View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.0710139104, View details for Web of Science ID 000251885000034, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2154431, View details for DOI 10.1002/qsar.200740086, View details for Web of Science ID 000251832000012. Human embryonic stem cells were found to have high levels of high mannose glycans, which contrasts with IMR-90 fibroblasts and a human normal breast cell line, where complex glycans are by far the most abundant and high mannose glycans are minor components. Moreover, the ability of the Rv2131c-encoded enzyme to dephosphorylate PAP and PAPS in vivo was confirmed by functional complementation of an Escherichia coli Delta cysQ mutant. Traditional chemical synthesis does not lend itself to the easy, rapid construction of even moderately sized biomolecules, because it requires elaborate protection schemes. However, disruption of the dimer by mutagenesis did not affect either localization or substrate preference. CDG-Tre fluoresces upon activation by BlaC, the -lactamase uniquely expressed by Mtb, and the fluorescent product is subsequently incorporated within the bacterial cell wall via trehalose metabolic pathway. A., Bertozzi, C. R. Investigating cellular metabolism of synthetic azidosugars with the Staudinger ligation. Sulfolipid-1 (SL-1) is an abundant sulfated glycolipid and potential virulence factor found in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. [45], In 2019, she co-founded both OliLux Biosciences and Lycia Therapeutics. In particular, we show that the removal of mucins, which are overexpressed in cancer cells, facilitates their clearance. Furthermore, perturbation of MMCoA metabolism attenuated pathogen replication in mice. In the IASP 2018 workshop, ADAP achieved the highest sensitivity of all assays tested at 95% specificity (AS95) rating for GAD and IA-2 autoantibodies and top-tier performance for insulin autoantibodies. Cell surface glycans govern numerous cell-cell interactions are therefore key determinants of multicellular biology. Using a panel of sulfated lactose (Galbeta1-->4Glc) neoglycolipids as substrates in direct binding assays, we found that 6',6-disulfolactose was the preferred structure for L-selectin, although significant binding to 6'- and 6-sulfolactose was observed as well. A., Johnson, A. G., George, B. M., Majzoub, K., Villalta, P. W., Carette, J. E., Bertozzi, C. R. Synthetic Siglec-9 Agonists Inhibit Neutrophil Activation Associated with COVID-19, Delaveris, C. S., Wilk, A. J., Riley, N. M., Stark, J. C., Yang, S. S., Rogers, A. J., Ranganath, T., Nadeau, K. C., Blish, C. A., Bertozzi, C. R., Stanford COVID-19 Biobank. Mild hydrolysis conditions were established that released sulfated oligosaccharides without cleavage of sulfate esters. One of the most fundamental queries is the extent to which the combinations of DNA-, RNA- and PTM-level variations explode the complexity of the human proteome. Lin, F. L., Hoyt, H. M., van Halbeek, H., Bergman, R. G., Bertozzi, C. R. Synthetic glycopeptides and glycoproteins as tools for biology, Functional hydrogel-biomineral composites inspired by natural bone, Azido sialic acids can modulate cell-surface interactions, A small-molecule switch for Golgi sulfotransferases.