8.6 Reversibility 228. Only kinetic energy changes at the inlet and outlet of turbine and the pressure of water remain same. Explanation:By constructing velocity triangle we come to know that whirl velocity of jet is equal in magnitude to that of Blade velocity – x- component of V (r2). The It is likewise used to begin a generator, wherein the mechanical electricity linked to the turbine shaft is transformed into electric electricity. ( Log Out / The pressure energy at the inlet and outlet of … The IREM Ecowatt Hydro Pelton turbines are designed and manufactured entirely by IREM to ensure reliable operation, with the aim of minimizing installation, commissioning and maintenance activities. 1. The design process starts with the design of initial dimensions for the runner based on different literatures and … Parts of Pelton Turbine : 9. This bucket is made from forged steel, brass, forged iron, or stainless steel, relying on the extent of the water coming into the turbine. Its maximum value is obtained by replacing u=v/2 and it is (1+cos k)/2 where k is outlet blade angle. Explanation: By constructing velocity triangle we come to know that whirl velocity of jet is equal in magnitude to that of x- component of V r2 – blade velocity. The runner consists in buckets. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. This kind of turbine is known as impulse turbine. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Pelton Turbine – Basic Working PrincipleWorking of Pelton turbine is simple. Kinetic energy of jet at inlet of turbine is given as __________________. One particular advantage is the wide area of operation, making them particularly suitable for small power stations with variable flow. Also Read: Pelton Turbine - Components and Working Principle. This article is about to Pelton wheel turbine working principle, major … Power extraction: If the pelton wheel buckets are held stationary, then the power extraction is zero. Found inside – Page 528The most widely used type of impulse turbine is the Pelton turbine (or wheel), in which each bucket is divided in the center by a double-curved wall so that ... Inclined None of these Horizontal Vertical. In Pelton turbine product of mechanical efficiency and hydraulic efficiency is known as _____________a) Mechanical efficiencyb) Volumetric efficiencyc) Hydraulic efficiencyd) Overall efficiencyAnswer: dExplanation: Overall efficiency is defined as ratio of power available at shaft of turbine to power supplied at the inlet of turbine which is also product of mechanical and hydraulic efficiency. Found insideThis volume in the Hydraulic Machinery Book series deals with cavitation and its effects in turbines and pumps. (D-diameter of runner and d- diameter of jet)a) 15 + D/2db) 15 + 3D/2dc) 15 + D/dd) 15 + 2D/dAnswer: aExplanation: To obtain Pelton wheel of higher efficiency, number of buckets is specified as 15 + D/2d by considering several experimental observations. Explanation: Runner power is less when compared with power available at exit of nozzle due to frictional losses. The Pelton wheel extracts energy from the impulse (momentum) of moving water, as opposed to its weight like traditional overshot water wheel. Francis-Turbines. These wheels are mostly used to generate electricity in the hydroelectric power plant. In this type of joint, two components, mostly plates, which are to be joined are placed one over another with a overlap and then welding is done on the corners (see Figure 2.26(a)). If diameter of jet is 85mm and diameter of runner is 1.5 meter then calculate number of buckets on Pelton wheel approximately. Explanation: In Pelton turbine velocity of inlet is parallel to splitter and is parallel to x axis which doesn’t have flow velocity. 11. 5. a) Difference between inlet jet velocity and blade velocity, b) Sum of inlet jet velocity and blade velocity. Pelton wheel turbine is a kind of water turbine in particular utilized in hydroelectric power plants to generate power. Explanation: Hydraulic efficiency is ratio of power delivered to runner to power supplied at inlet of turbine upon substituting the mathematical terms we get expression as follows. 8. The Mcqs having specific numbers in any written test. When high speed water jet injected through a nozzle hits buckets of Pelton wheel; it induces an impulsive force. It is mostly steady. It is used for medium head ranges from 15 to 300 meters and medium flows. However, the electricity that is created in nuclear power station is from steam turning turbines. Explanation: The expression for measuring depth of buckets is 1.2*diameter of jet, which is 1.2*85=102mm. The force exerted by a jet of water in the direction of jet of jet on a stationary curved plates Fx is ____________. Pelton wheel turbine is used when water head is more than 200 meters.According to the turbines get,generally, two types of Pelton turbine are used in hydroelectric power plant .When a single jet is used horizontal shaft type Pelton turbine is used … Found insideOther sections of the book address components for SCO2 power cycles, such as turbomachinery expanders, compressors, recuperators, and design challenges, such as the need for high-temperature materials. Pelton Turbine Manual Design Manufacture And Installation For Smallscale Hydropower for free Kindle books and a few bargain books. The water jet hits the splitter and splits into identical components. Explanation: In design of Pelton wheel we determine diameter of jet, diameter of runner, Width of buckets, Depth of buckets, Number of buckets on runner. Pelton Wheel Turbine Animation. Tangential velocity of blade of Pelton wheel is proportional to ____________a) Speed of wheelb) Angular velocity of wheelc) Rpm of wheeld) Speed, angular velocity, RPM of the wheelAnswer: aExplanation: Usually velocity of blade is given by u=radius*angular velocity from which velocity is proportional to speed of wheel. The pressure available at the inlet and the outlet is atmospheric. 7. These case studies represent the most comprehensive collection of knowledge and experience available for tailoring an installation to meet the needs of a site and its owner or operators. of Pelton turbines from a viewpoint of engineering. These watermills may comprise gristmills, sawmills, paper … Pelton wheel - Wikipedia A Pelton wheel is an impulse-type water turbine invented by American inventor Lester Allan Pelton in the 1870s. Lester Pelton, the inventor of the device, was born in 1829 in Vermillion, Ohio, on the shores of Lake Erie. In Pelton turbines the expression for power delivered at inlet to runner is given by __________. Found insideThis book provides a clear and factual picture of the status of RE and its capabilities today. 5. The strain on the inlet and outlet of the turbine is atmospheric. Pelton turbine additives are smooth to assemble. Pelton turbines with either vertical or horizontal shaft are intended for use of water energy at very high head (up to 1500 m) and relatively low discharge. Pelton turbine is an impulse machine that transforms the potential energy of water into kinetic energy in a form of a water jet, which impacts and drives a Pelton runner. This efficiency will be maximum when differentiating it with “u” and it is obtained as u=v/2. 2. Generation of Electrical EnergyPelton turbines are mostly. It is therefore everyone have to learn / remember the related Pelton Turbine ( Hydraulic Machines ) Mcqs. Found insideThis book concerns the theoretical foundations of hydro mechanics of Pelton turbines from a viewpoint of engineering. Pelton Turbine. There are multiple types of turbines that design according to the flow rate and head requirements. Past papers of Pelton Turbine ( Hydraulic Machines ) Mcqs . State-of-the-art production processes and the cutting-edge design of our Pelton impellers make Kochendörfer Pelton among the most powerful turbines of this type in the world today. The Francis and Pelton turbines were invented in the 1800s by James Francis and Lester Pelton respectively. In large scale hydro installation, Pelton turbines are normally only considered for heads above 100m. The ratio of diameter of jet to diameter of runner is _____________a) 1:3b) 1:6c) 1:5d) 3:4Answer: bExplanation: To obtain Pelton wheel of higher efficiency, diameter of runner is 5 times diameter of jet by considering several experimental observations. The runner consists in buckets. 3. Where, p=density, v=velocity of jet, k=blade angle, u=blade velocity. 4. ANDRITZ Hydro Pelton turbines are used on high head applications of up to 1,800 m and a unit output of up to more than 800 MW. 9 Maintenance of Machinery 231. Found inside – Page iThe third reason and motivation was considering engineers who are starting their career in hydro energy sector. This book is targeted to present a good starting background and basic understanding for such professionals. Pelton turbines are easy to install compared to reaction turbines of similar performance. In Pelton turbine the ratio of volume available at shaft of turbine and power supplied at the inlet of the turbine is _______, 8. Pelton Turbine. The analyses especially include the quantification of all possible losses existing in the Pelton turbine and the indication of most available The Pelton turbine patented by the American engineer whose name is Lester Allen Pelton in 1889. 11. The force exerted by a jet of water in the direction of jet of jet on moving curved plates is ___________. The Pelton wheel is a tangent flow turbine which means that the water jet will … 14. 13. 2. Nishant Raj. The analyses especially include the quantification of all possible losses existing in the Pelton turbine and the indication of most available potential for further enhancing the system efficiency. Usually you can apply the following guidelines: If … ____________ is obtained by dividing total rate of flow through the turbine by rate of flow through single jet.a) Number of jetsb) Diameter of jetsc) Velocity of jetsd) Speed ratioAnswer: aExplanation: Total discharge is sum of individual discharges hence, by dividing total rate of flow through the turbine by rate of flow through single jet we get number of jets. Pelton turbine or wheel is an impulsive turbine used mainly for high head hydroelectric schemes.The Pelton wheel is among the most efficient types of water turbines.The fluid power is converted into kinetic energy in the nozzles.The total pressure drop occurs in the nozzle. In Pelton turbine ___________ is defined as ratio between power delivered to runner and power supplied at inlet of turbine. Most Pelton turbines use between one to five nozzles. Pelton turbines are suitable for energy extraction when water energy is available at a high head and low flow rate. The Pelton wheel turbines use for high head applications while a Kaplan turbine is used for low head applications. They are used to reap better fluid speeds for max strength and performance [because turbines and impellers are designed so that the speed of the water jet is twice the speed of a rotating cylinder]. This type of turbine was developed and patented by L.A. Pelton in 1889 and all the types of turbines are called by his name to honor him. Kinetic energy of jet at inlet of turbine is given as __________________a) 0.5(paV1)*V1b) 0.5(paV1)*V1*V1c) 0.5(aV1)*V1*V1d) 0.5(pV1)*V1*V1Answer: bExplanation: Expression for kinetic energy is product of half times mass and square of velocity, mass can be written as density time volume.Where, p = density of liquid, a = area of jet, V1 = inlet jet velocity. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. 11. In Pelton turbine the energy available at inlet of runner that is at outlet of nozzle is known as. November 24, 2014. ( Log Out / The pelton wheel is today the most popular impulse turbine provided … In which of following turbine inlet and outlet blade velocities of vanes are equal?a) Francis turbineb) Kaplan turbinec) Pelton turbined) Propeller turbineAnswer: cExplanation: In Pelton turbine each blade has same angular velocity and same linear speed unlike Francis and Kaplan turbines. As the lance is driven closer to the nozzle, the quantity of water hitting the shoe decreases. 1. A Pelton wheel water turbine is also a well-known type of turbine from the impulse turbine category. 14. It is possible to mount one, or multiple, Pelton runners onto a single shaft. Explanation: Hydraulic efficiency is defined as ratio between power given by water to runner of turbine and to the power supplied by water at inlet of the turbine. Pelton turbine is the most commonly used impulse turbine for high head power plants. Find the diameter of jet D, if jet ratio m and diameter of jet d are given as 10 and 125mm.a) 1.25 metersb) 1.5 metersc) 2 metersd) 1.2 metersAnswer: aExplanation: Expression for jet ratio is m=D/d which is 10*0.125= 1.25 meters. Peltons are the preferred turbine for hydro-power where the available water source has relatively high head at low flow rates. It was invented by Lester Allan Pelton in the 1870s. Working Of Pelton Turbine: The water is stored at a high head and passes through the penstock to reach the nozzle of the Pelton turbine. The force exerted by a jet of water in the direction of jet of jet on moving curved plates is ___________a) pa(v-u)*(v-u)b) pa(v-u)c) pav*(v-u)(1+cos k)d) pa(v-u)*(v-u)(1+sin k)Answer: cExplanation: Generally force is rate of change of momentum, in curved blade of angle k change of momentum will bepav*(v-u)(1+cos k) here relative velocity is considered than absolute.Where, p=density, v=velocity of jet, k=blade angle, u=blade velocity. 10. How Is A Pelton Turbine Braked ? With the Pelton turbine, the water lands in the middle of two half shells, the so-called buckets. In Pelton turbine inlet velocity of jet is 85.83m/s, inlet and outlet whirl velocities be 85.83 and 0.143 and blade velocity be 38.62 then its hydraulic efficiency is ___________. The strain on the inlet and outlet of the turbine is atmospheric. Due to the complex flow relations in Pelton turbines, the efforts to improve the flow conditions and to increase the hydraulic efficiency have been limited for a long time mostly to model tests. The first step is fuel compression, followed by 2 cold turbo levels. Pelton turbines. The Pelton is an impulse type water turbine invented by Lester Allan Pelton in the 1870s. In Pelton ____________ is ratio of volume of water actually striking the runner and volume of water supplied to turbine.a) Mechanical efficiencyb) Volumetric efficiencyc) Hydraulic efficiencyd) Overall efficiencyAnswer: bExplanation: Volumetric efficiency is ratio between volume of water actually striking the runner of turbine and volume of water supplied to the turbine. Hydroelectricity is the most broadly practiced form of renewable energy. Velocity triangles are used to analyze ____________a) Flow of water along blades of turbineb) Measure discharge of flowc) Angle of deflection of jetd) Flow of water, measure of discharge, angle of deflectionAnswer: dExplanation: By using velocity triangles we can determine discharge of flow, angle of deflection of jet and to measure relative velocity of jet with respect to speed of wheel. As a guideline the book therefore supports further developments of Pelton turbines with regard to their hydraulic designs and optimizations. In Pelton ____________ is ratio of volume of water actually striking the runner and volume of water supplied to turbine. The expression for maximum hydraulic efficiency of Pelto turbine is given by ______________a) (1+cos k)/2 where k is outlet blade angleb) (2+cos k)/2 where k is outlet blade anglec) (3+cos k)/2 where k is outlet blade angled) (4+cos k)/2 where k is outlet blade angleAnswer: aExplanation: Hydraulic efficiency is defined as ratio between power given by water to runner of turbine and to the power supplied by water at inlet of the turbine. Pelton turbine or Pelton wheel turbine is basically an impulse turbine. Hydropower is the maximum extensively used shape of renewable electricity. Calculate work done by jet per second on the runner where, discharge=0.7cubic meters/s, inlet and outlet whirl velocities be 23.77 and 2.94? The expression for hydraulic efficiency is given bya) 2(V1-u)[1+cos k]u/V1*V1b) 2(V1+u)[1+cos k]u/V1*V1c) 2(V1-u)[1-cos k]u/V1*V1d) 2(V1+u)[1+cos k]u/V1*V1Answer: aExplanation: Hydraulic efficiency is ratio of power delivered to runner to power supplied at inlet of turbine upon substituting the mathematical terms we get expression as follows.Where, V1=inlet jet velocity, u=blade velocity, k=outlet blade angle. 2. The hub is designed so that the jet may be deflected at a hundred and sixty levels or a hundred and seventy levels. 5. The ratio of pitch diameter of Pelton wheel to diameter of jet is known as ___________. Pelton´s turbine proved to be 90.2% efficient, and the turbine of his closest competitor was only 76.5% efficient. A Pelton Wheel turbine has the following major components: The nozzle is used to grow the pressure of the water motion, and the water hits the bucket or blade connected to the runner. In the late 1870s, he invented the Pelton water wheel, at that time the most efficient design of the impulse water turbine.Recognized as one of the fathers of hydroelectric power, he was awarded the Elliott … 6. 12. Pelton turbines with either vertical or horizontal shaft are intended for use of water energy at very high head (up to 1500 m) and relatively low discharge. In this article we will study about the Pelton wheel or Pelton turbine working, main parts, application with diagram.It is a hydraulic turbine which is used in most of the hydroelectric power plant to generate electricity. Pelton turbines have some other features that are given below: These turbines use for heads from 20-100 meters; These turbines can discharge water from 5-1000 liters/second. The number of buckets of Pelton wheel is 25 and diameter of runner is 1.5meters then calculate diameter of jet is ___________a) 80mmb) 85mmc) 90mmd) 82mmAnswer: bExplanation: The expression for measuring number of buckets is 15 + diameter of runner/2 times diameter of jet by using this expression we get diameter of jet as 85mm. 7. The hydraulic efficiency of Pelton turbine will be maximum when blade velocity is equal to _______. It was invented by Lester Allan Pelton in the 1870s. 6. 13. Found inside – Page 28The generators have pilot exciters and are directly coupled to the turbines in most cases. Sometimes there are two Pelton runners mounted on each side of ... pelton wheel. This turbine is suitable for high head and low flow plants. Found insideThis book makes intelligible the wide range of electricity generating technologies available today, as well as some closely allied technologies such as energy storage. They belong to the group of impulse turbines because only the kinetic energy of the fluid is changed across the runner. 12. PELTON WHEEL:
The Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine which is among the most efficient types of water turbines. 7. Pelton turbines are widely used in hydropower plants with high heads. Although many variations of impulse The Pelton wheel extracts energy from the impulse (momentum) of moving water, as opposed to its weight like traditional overshot water wheel. Vertical. Features of Pelton Turbines. Kaplan Turbines. Our range of services includes vertical and horizontal Pelton turbines. Change ), Donations here. The force exerted by a jet of water in the direction of jet of jet on a stationary curved plates Fx is ____________a) pav*vb) pavc) pav*v(1+cos k)d) pav*v(1+sin k)Answer: cExplanation: Generally force is rate of change of momentum, in curved blade of angle k change of momentum will be pav*v (1+cos k).Where, p=density, v=velocity of jet, k=blade angle. It utilises the water's kinetic energy and visually reminds one of a classic water wheel. The electricity at the doorway to the turbine is simply kinetic. Found insideAnnotation This E. & F. N. Spon title is now distributed by Routledge in the US and Canada This title available in eBook format. Click here for more information . Visit our eBookstore at: www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk . The three most common turbine runners are the Francis, Kaplan, and Pelton turbine runners. In 2012, hydroelectric flowers accounted for about 16% of the total power generated worldwide. A watermill or water mill is a mill that uses hydropower.It is a structure that uses a water wheel or water turbine to drive a mechanical process such as milling (grinding), rolling, or hammering.Such processes are needed in the production of many material goods, including flour, lumber, paper, textiles, and many metal products. The computational fluid dynamics is a cost effective tool to assess the turbine performance in terms of local and global design and operating parameter of turbine. Tab this page to check ” Pelton Turbine ( Hydraulic Machines )” for the preparation of competitive mcqs, FPSC mcqs, PPSC mcqs, SPSC mcqs, KPPSC mcqs, AJKPSC mcqs, BPSC mcqs, NTS mcqs, PTS mcqs, OTS mcqs, Atomic Energy mcqs, Pak Army mcqs, Pak Navy mcqs, CTS mcqs, ETEA mcqs and others. Mostly, though, it fills our days ... just like a pelton well do. In Pelton turbine ___________ is defined as ratio between power delivered to runner and power supplied at inlet of turbine.a) Mechanical efficiencyb) Volumetric efficiencyc) Hydraulic efficiencyd) Overall efficiencyAnswer: cExplanation: Hydraulic efficiency is defined as ratio between power given by water to runner of turbine and to the power supplied by water at inlet of the turbine. 3. Found insideProviding the first comprehensive treatment, this book covers all aspects of the laser Doppler and phase Doppler measurement techniques, including light scattering from small particles, fundamental optics, system design, signal and data ... Explanation: To obtain Pelton wheel of higher efficiency, diameter of runner is 5 times diameter of jet by considering several experimental observations. There are various design available of impulse turbine but the Pelton wheel most suited for it. The pressure available at the inlet and the outlet is atmospheric. 7. 8. 4. Lester Allan Pelton was an American inventor who contributed significantly to the development of hydroelectricity and hydropower in the American Old West as well as world-wide. Its expression is given by p/ (k*g*q*h) where k is density of liquid. It is mostly installed in storage power plants, has a degree of efficiency of more than 92 % and is almost not susceptible to cavitation. Energy conversion in a Pelton turbine (D-diameter of runner and d- diameter of jet). The Pelton wheel extracts energy from the impulse (momentum) of moving water, as opposed to its weight like traditional overshot water wheel. Explanation: By constructing velocity triangle we come to know that whirl velocity of jet is equal to zero as x- component of V(r2)= blade velocity. As wise people believe “Perfect Practice make a Man Perfect”. 7. In most of cases the value of jet ratio is _______________a) 10b) 11c) 12d) 13Answer: cExplanation: Jet ratio is 12 because in most of Pelton turbines diameter of runner is 12 times the diameter of jet. 4. In which of following turbine inlet whirl velocity and inlet jet velocity are equal in magnitude? 4. ( Log Out / In order to make the most of the energy of the water and to avoid the variability of the flow of a Mediterranean river - and taking into account the characteristics of the unevenness of the factory - a series of Pelton turbines were used. Explanation: Generally work done is force times velocity and expression for it is PQ [Vw1+Vw2] u/g and work done per unit weight gives [Vw1+Vw2]u/g. Explanation: Volumetric efficiency is ratio between volume of water actually striking the runner of turbine and volume of water supplied to the turbine. The Pelton wheel extracts energy from the impulse (momentum) of moving water, as opposed to its weight like traditional overshot water wheel. 7. One particular advantage is the wide area of operation, making them particularly suitable for small power stations with variable flow. Pelton turbines are generally used for very high heads and low flows. Found insideEverything you wanted to know about industrial gas turbines for electric power generation in one source with hard-to-find, hands-on technical information. Pelton wheel is preferred at a very high head and low discharges with low specific speeds. A Pelton wheel turbine is an excessive-altitude impulse turbine (over three hundred meters) invented by the American engineer Lester Alan Pelton. Now they are mostly used for electric power generation. Nothing complex here. Explanation: Generally force is rate of change of momentum, in curved blade of angle k change of momentum will bepav*(v-u)(1+cos k) here relative velocity is considered than absolute. The Pelton (or impulse) turbine is particularly well suited to high head (from 60 to 700 meters) variable discharge applications. The power supplied at inlet of turbine in S.I units is known as_____________a) Shaft powerb) Runner powerc) Water powerd) Total powerAnswer: cExplanation: The power supplied at inlet of turbine in S.I units is known as water energy, which contain both kinetic energy and pressure energy. 6. The width of buckets of Pelton wheel is _________________. The maximum efficiency of Pelton turbine is _________. 3. Pelton wheels can be designed for all sizes based on the objective. Pelton buckets generally have flat outlet edges and are only downwardly sloped in the area of the bowl base under certain circumstances. The work done per unit weight of water jet striking runner blades of Pelton turbine is given by expression ______________a) [Vw1+Vw2] u/gb) Vw1*u/gc) [Vw1+Vw2]/gd) [Vw1+Vw2]uAnswer: aExplanation: Generally work done is force times velocity and expression for it is PQ [Vw1+Vw2] u/g and work done per unit weight gives [Vw1+Vw2]u/g. Advanced form of water wheel. Found inside – Page 66“Technical Improvements and New Technologies” section), tidal power plants, ... Impulse turbines (e.g., Pelton turbine, cross-flow turbine), mainly applied ... Explanation: In Pelton turbine the energy available at inlet of runner that is at outlet of nozzle is known as runner power, the energy available in penstock is water energy. 5. Explanation: In Pelton turbine each blade has same angular velocity and same linear speed unlike Francis and Kaplan turbines. Pelton Wheel Turbine is the type of impulse or hydraulic turbine which is used for high heads for the generation of power. Easier to keep and look at than different mills. Water turbines were developed in the 19th century and were widely used for industrial power prior to electrical grids. Did you know that - due to their functioning principle - Pelton turbines are also referred to as impulse turbines? 4. 9. This post comprising of objective questions and answers related to “ Pelton Turbine ( Hydraulic Machines ) Mcqs “. Found inside – Page iThis book reviews SISO and MIMO models, which cover the linear and nonlinear characteristics of pumped storage hydroelectric power stations. The most important dynamic features are discussed. Found insideHighly illustrated and practical, Microhydro is the first complete book on the topic in many years. The Pelton wheel extracts energy from the impulse (momentum) of moving water, as opposed to its weight like traditional overshot water wheel. 11. In (fig. In the expression for overall efficiency of turbine, which is p/ (k*g*q*h), where “k” is known as _______. Hydroelectricity is the most broadly practiced form of renewable energy. 10. It controls the quantity of water coming into the runner’s bucket by putting in the lens at the nozzle. Pelton turbine project report pdf This document deals with the design, modeling, and performance analysis of the Pelton turbine cfd using one of the selected micro-hydro potential sites in Ethiopia to meet energy needs. As you can see in the image, the optimum type of turbine depends on the operating condition imposed by your hydraulic resource. In the expression for overall efficiency of turbine, which is p/ (k*g*q*h), where “k” is known as _______a) Specific density of liquidb) Density of liquidc) Specific gravity of liquidd) Volume of liquidAnswer: bExplanation: Overall efficiency is defined as ratio of power available at shaft of turbine to power supplied at the inlet of turbine which is also product of mechanical and hydraulic efficiency.
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